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Characteristics
Morphology
Icosahedral, non-enveloped, linear single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses of the Picornaviridaefamily and Enterovirus genus.
Disease

Coxsackievirus group A associated conditions: hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, acute lymphatic or nodular pharyngitis, aseptic meningitis, paralysis, exanthema, pneumonitis of infants, "common cold", hepatitis, infantile diarrhea, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Coxsackievirus group B associated conditions: diabetes, pleurodynia, aseptic meningitis, paralysis, severe systemic infection in infants, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, upper respiratory illness and pneumonia, rash, hepatitis, and pancreatitis.

Zoonosis
None.
Health Hazards
Host Range
Human, monkey, mouse.
Modes of Transmission
contact with infective secretions or excretions, and subsequent autoinoculation of mouth, nose, or eyes. Intranasal and aerosol transmission are possible for some variants.
Signs and Symptoms 
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: characterized by fever and vesicles on the mouth and extremities, sore throat, fever, and anorexia. Aseptic meningitis/meningoencephalitis: causes nonbacterial inflammation of the meninges associated with fever, headache, photophobia.
Infectious Dose Unknown; however, 15-50 TCID50 has been shown to be infective in adult volunteers.
Incubation Period 
Varies from days (eg. hand-foot-and-mouth disease) to years (eg. Myocarditis).
Medical Precautions/Treatment
Prophylaxis None.
Vaccines None.
Treatment
No antiviral medications are currently approved.
Surveillance Monitor for symptoms.
MSU Requirements Report any exposures
Laboratory Hazards
Laboratory Acquired Infections (LAIs)
Responsible for 39 reported cases up to 2006.
 Sources
Throat swabs, rectal swabs, stool samples, aseptic meningitis cerebrospinal fluids, cultures, frozen stocks, other samples described in IBC protocol.
Supplemental References
BMBL:
https://www.cdc.gov/labs/BMBL.html
Canada PSDS:
CDC:
NIH Guidelines:
Risk Group & Containment Requirements
Risk Group 2

Agents that are associated with human disease which is rarely serious and for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available.

BSL2
For all procedures involving suspected or known infectious specimen or cultures.
ABSL2
For all procedures involving infected animals
Spill Procedures
Small
Notify others working in the lab. Remove PPE and don new PPE. Cover area of the spill with absorbent material and add fresh 1:10 bleach:water. Allow 20 munutes (or as directed) of contact time. After 20 minutes, cleanup and dispose of materials.
Large
  • Immediately notify all personnel in the lab and clear all personnel from the area. Remove any contaminated PPE/clothing and leave the lab. 
  • Secure the area by locking doors, posting signage and guarding the area to keep people out of the space. 
For assistance, contact MSU's Biosafety Officer (406-994-6733) or Safety and Risk Management (406-994-2711).
Exposure Procedures
Mucous membrane
Flush eyes, mouth, or nose for 5 minutes at eyewash station.
Other Exposures
Wash area with soap and water for 5 minutes.
Reporting
Immediately report incident to supervisor, complete a First Report of Injury form, and submit to Safety and Risk Management.
Medical Follow-up
During business hours: Bridger Occupational Health 3406 Laramie Drive. Weekdays 8am -6pm.  Weekends 9am-5pm
After business hours: Bozeman Deaconess Hospital Emergency Room 915 Highland Blvd Bozeman, MT
Viability
Disinfection
formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, strong acids, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), and free residual chlorine
Inactivation
Inactivated by moist heat (60 minutes at 121oC), dry heat (1 hour at 160-170oC), UV.
Survival Outside Host
Can survive for months under favourable conditions of neutral pH, moisture, and low temperature; enhanced by presence of organic matter.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Minimum PPE Requirements
Lab coat, disposable gloves, safety glasses, closed toed shoes, long pants
Additional Precautions
Additioanl PPE may be required depending on lab specific SOPs and IBC Protocol.