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Fact Sheet No. 5.574

The human bed bug, bat bug and related species of the family Cimicidae, are blood sucking insects that feed on birds and/or mammals. Five of the cimicid bugs are present in Colorado.

Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius).

The bed bug is a notorous species and is the only member of this insect family in Colorado that is adapted to living entirely with humans. For several decades following World War II it was largely eradicated from the United States, existing in only small pockets.

However, within the past decade it has had tremendous resurgence. Bed bugs can be accidentally carried on furniture, luggage and other materials so problems with bed bugs tend to be most severe in apartments, motels, and other sites that see high amounts of human traffic.

Bat Bug (Cimex pilosellus)

Prior to the recent increase of bed bugs, that bat bug was the most common representative of this group of insects found within homes in Colorado. Bat bugs develop in colonies of roosting bats, which sometimes occur in attics or behind walls of buildings. Bat bugs may move into human living areas and incidentally bite people, with such migrations particularly common when bats migrate or are eliminated from the building. However, in the absence of the bat hosts, these insects cannot sustain and reproduce.

Swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius)

The swallow bug is a parasite of cliff swallows and, less commonly, barn swallos. Problems with human bites occur in homes where swallows attached and maintained nests during the previous summer. Swallow bug bites of humans tend to occur in late winter and spring, when the swallow bugs emerge from winter dormancy in anticipation of the return of their swallow hosts. The insects are largely dormant during the period between the time nests are abandoned in summer and just prior to the return of swallows the following spring.

Poultry bug (Haematosiphoninodorus)

Poultry bugs are associated with chickens and other poultry. They hide during the day in cracks and crevices around the poultry roost and move out to feed at night. Human bites are rare and occur when people spend night actitivities in close promimity to poultry roosting areas.

Hesperocimex coloradensis

Purple martins and, less commonly, woodpeckers and owls are hosts for the H. coloradensis. This species is present in the southwestern areas of the state. Encounters with humans occur when bird hosts nest in buildings.

All of these species are generally similar in appearance. They are reddish-brown to graywish-brown with an oval body form and about 3/8-inch long when full-grown. All are wingless, although small wing pads are present on the back. Their body is flattened when unfed, although they swell rapidly with a blood meal. The various species found in Colorado can be seperated by patterns of hairs, wing-pad structures and other features that are summarized in Figure 9.

Bites

Bed bugs usually feed in the middle of the night while people sleep and the bite is painless. They often feed for less than 10 minutes before the insect is satiated and returns to a hiding area to digest the meal. A line of bites may appear where several bed bugs have fed along the edge of a sheet or clothing lying next to the skin.

Although the bite is not immediately felt, people often react to the proteins of the bed bug saliva introduced during biting. Typically, a reddish swelling ("wheal") may develop, associated with some swelling and itching. There may be little response immediately following the bite with peak itchiness being noticed at about a week, then gradually declining. Repeated exposure to bed bug bites may produce for intensive reactions and itchiness. However, these reactions are highly variable and some people show little response while other react strongly. Regardless of the symptom that develops, there is nothing unique about bed bug bites that can be used for positive diagnosis. The detected presence of bed bugs is needed to determine if a reddish "bite" might be from bed bugs.

Fortunately, extensive testing has determined that bed bugs are incapable of transmitting human pathogens.

Bat bugs and swallow bigs also occasionally bite humans and there can be a similar range in reaction. Some habe commented that the reaction following swallow bug bites seems to be particularly itchy and unpleasant.

Life History and Habits of Bed Bugs

Female bed bugs cement thier small, oval eggs in batches of about two to five eggs. Typical sites for egg laying might be along folds in the mattress. Ultimately a female may produce over 200 eggs during her months-long adult life span.

Eggs hatch in six to 10 days, depending on temperature, and the newly hatched nymphs will immediately seek out food if it is available. Feeding occurs in dark, usually in the middle of the night, and bed bugs use carbon dioxide and heat to locate their host. A blood meal must be taken prior to each molt of the developing bed bug nymph. Blood meals are also required for productin of each batch of eggs by the female.

Under optimum conditions, bed bugs can become full-grown in about a month and a half and adults typically may live for about nine months. Cooler temperatures retard development and overall bed bug activity begins to decline with temperatures below about 60^oF. However, bed bugs are quite resistant to starvation and adults have been known to survive a year without feeding. Nymphs can tolerate starvation for about three months. When food is available, bed bugs can continue to develop and reproduce year round, producing three or four generations annually.

Within a home bed, bugs are concentrated in the near vicinity of the bed. Most will be found on the frame or mattress, as well as night stands and among other crevices next to the bed. Among these harborage areas, bed bugs tend to concentrate in clusters. When bed bug populations become high, they will be observed to disperse more widely through the room. Migrations to adjacent rooms can occur as bed bugs follow holes through walls, such as those produced for eletrical wiring and pumbling.

Beds should be disassembled and closely inspected. Common areas where bed bugs will be found include seams of mattresses and joint of the bed frame. Bed bugs will also move into box springs and these must be turned over and opened for inspection. It is helpful to remove the fabric on the underside of the box spring to aid in inspection and treatment. Often in the presence of some dark spotting, their excrement, is first noticed. The bed bugs and their eggs usually will be present in cracks, joints, and fabric folds.

Areas adjacent to the sleeping area also need to be inspected. Bed bugs may be found in cracks or crevices of bed side tables or other furniture and may hide under lamps or other items that provide cover. Crevices of trim around the walls can be hiding areas as can folds of drapery and areas where drapes rest on the floor. Bed bugs may also settle behind pictures and wall hangnings near sleeping areas.

Cracks in walls will also be used be bed bugs and can be means by which they can move to other rooms, a particular problem in multi-unit apartments and motels. Eletrical outlets often are incompletely sealed and provide points where bed bugs can hide and move behind walls.

Handling Bedding

Bed bug treatments in homes often involve intensive prep work by the homeowner. This includes heat treating and baggin gup items in the infested area - items that cannot be treated with chemicals.

Sheets and other bedding can be easily disinfested by laundering that involves a dryer cycle. The high temperatures involved in drying are critical to successfully kill bed bugs, with exposure to temperatures exceeding 120^oF for a few minutes usually sufficient to kill all life stages. Washing, cool drying and dry cleaning may not kill all stages.

When stripping beds during a bed bug treatment, pull the sheets carefully so as not to dislodge eggs or drop bed bugs onto the floor where they may be missed by other treatments. Accidental spread of bed bugs can also be prevented by bagging the bedding as it is moved to the laundry. Wash bedding and other materials immediately and do not store in the laundry areas.

Plastic coverings that completely encase mattresses, pillows and other items can be used to exclude and prevent colonization of bed bugs on these items.

Disposal of Infested Items

Disposal may be considered for mattresses, box springs, couches or other furniture that is infested with bed bugs. If this is done, proper disposal should be ensured. Leaving such items on the street for disposal may cause them to be scavanged, which will spread infestations to new dwellings. Be careful when removing the items from the structure so that bed bugs will not become dislodged and infest other areas inside.

Insecticides

Eradication of bed bugs in a home involves use of effective insecticides applied to all points where bed bugs are present. These treatments must directly contact the bed bugs during application. Bed bugs that walk across a treated surface but were not directly contacted with the insecticide during application may not be killed. Available insecticides also do not effectively kill egg stages of bed bugs.

There is little residual activity of currently available insecticides. Repeated insecticides applications will always be required to kill bed bugs that later hatch from eggs, along with those that were missed during earlier treatment.

Currently, available insecticides used for bed bug control are primarily of the pyrethroid class of pesticides. These include bifenthrin, lambdacyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and betacyfluthrin, There are several professional products as well as numerous over-the-counter household insecticides sold to homeowners that contain these as active ingredients. (Additional products are available for professional use, such as chlorfenapyr/Phantom) However, most of the insecticides sold normally through retail outlets are liquid formulations that have uses restricted to crack and crevice treatments. Few, if any, insecticides sold over-the-counter are formulated and labeled for use in critical sites such as to mattresses or around eletrical wiring. All insecticides must be used in strict accordance to label use instructions.

Application equipment can be useful in successful use of these insecticides into cracks and crevices is better achieved with sprayers equipped with a fine point nozzle. Dust formulations can be blown into wall voids or other hard to spray spaces. Improved dispersal is also possible with fine atomizer sprayers. These types of application equipment are normally unavailable to homeowners through retail outlets. However, some diatomaceous earth products, a dust that is used to kill insects by desiccation, are fairly widely available through nurseries for use against bed bugs and other "crawling insects". Silica aerogels are also useful as desiccant dusts to control insects by drying and are widely used by professionals, but are not normally available over-the-counter.

Aerosol "bombs" (containing pyrethrins or permenthrin) and sprays of non-persisting insecticides (such as pyrethrins or tetramenthrin) will not be effective for bed bug control. At most these can be expected to kill a few of the insects that are directly contacted with sufficent quantity of the insecticide. However, they will fail to adequately penetrate hiding sites of many bed bugs resulting in failure of eradication.

Eradication of bed bugs in a home involves use of effective insecticides applied to all points where bed bugs are present. These treatments must directly contact the bed bugs during application. Bed bugs that walk across a treated surface but were not directly contacted with the insecticide during application may not be killed.

The use of a sealed vacuum during bed bug treatments is useful. Models with strong suction and a directed nozzle can be used to help extract some bed bugs hiding in protected crevices.

Heat and Cold Treatment

High temperature treatment has received considerable attention as the primary non-chemical means of killing bed bugs. Specialized equipment has been developed that can force high temperature, dry steam heat into areas where bed bugs are present. They are particularly useful for treating bed frames, box springs, and mattresses where insecticide uses are limited.

Such equipment is only available through professional pest control operators and requires experience for effective use. Temperatures at the surface of treated areas must reach 140 to 150^oF to kill bed bugs hiding in adjacent crevices and it is important to constantly monitor surfaces with a thermometer while usng streamers to ensure sufficient heat has been applied. Steam treatment is time consuming and may take 15 seconds or more to treat a 1 foot-long area.

Cold treatments have little application for control of bed bugs and their relatives. All of these insects are well adapted to periods of very cold temperature and can survive normal freezing exposure.

Vacuuming

The use of a sealed vacuum during bed bug treatments is useful. Models with strong suction and a directed nozzle can be used to help extract some bed bugs hiding in protected crevices. Vacuums can also be useful for picking up individuals when seen and a general vacuuming of floors and other surfaces may pick up bed bugs that have migrated or been dislodged during bed bug treatments. The addition into the vacuum bag of a drying agent, such as diatomaceous earth, can be useful to kill collected insects. Immediately after use, vacuum bags should be removed, sealed in plastic, and discarded to reduce chances of accidentally spreading bed bugs.

Bed Isolation

Isolation of beds can be done to determine if bed bugs are present and after control efforts have been completed, to insure that the bug infestation has been eradicated. With bed isolation the box spring and mattresses are encased and the frame is treated  to insure no bed bugs are present. Then, the four posts that touch the ground are placed onto sticky traps. The homeowner then sleeps in the bed making sure to not let sheets or other bedding to touch the ground. Bed bugs that are in the room will come to feed and get caught in the sticky traps. A period of two or more weeks where no bed bugs are captured on the sticky traps at the base of bed legs is a good indication that the insects have been eliminated from the room.

Control of Bat Bugs

Management of bat bugs requires focus on the roosting bats that are the original source of the insects. Removal or exclusion of the bats will prevent future infestations as the bat bugs will ultimately die-out in the absence of their bat hosts. However, in the immediate period after bat removal, problems may temporarily increase as existing bat bugs migrate in search of new hosts.

Any methods to seal off the area of bat roosting and the humas living space is useful to prevent these migrations. Cracks and crevices used by migrating bat bugs can also be treated with insecticides, such as are used for bed bugs. If the area of the bat bug roost can be reached, use of an aerosol "bomb" or "pest-strip" may help kill bat bugs in those areas. The latter contain a persisting insecticide (dichlorvos) that can kill insects over a period of time.

Control of Swallow Bugs

Management of swallow bugs requires prevention of nesting by swallows on occupied buildings; this will prevent future problems with the insects. However, like occurs with bat bugs, problems with biting swallow bugs may temporatily increase the following spring as the starved insects migrate in search of new hosts.

Swallows are protected species under Federal Law and it is illegal to disturb active nests. Nests can be destroyed prior to egg laying and areas where swallows previously nested can be screened off prior to the return of the migrating swallows. If nests are removed in summer after they are abandoned by the swallows, then an insecticide treatment to the nest site may be used to kill some of the dormant swallow bugs that remain in the hiding around the nest. However, some insecticides (e.g., chlorphyrifos) are highly toxic to birds. Do not apply them to areas that are currently visited by swallows.

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Bed bugs are blood-feeding pests that are invading human living quarters in increasing numbers.

Bed bugs occur regularly in Montana, though at low numbers relative to many other locations in the U.S. As is true elsewhere, infestations of these nocturnal blood-feeders appear primarily in rooms where people sleep, particularly in bedding. Places where there is abundant human traffic arriving from diverse locations (such as apartment complexes, health care facilities, and tourist accommodations) have increased odds of infestation and must be monitored carefully.

Risk Factors

While sanitation helps, even the cleanest indoor environment that has frequent turnover of residents and high-density stays is at higher risk for bed bug infestations. Although smaller cities are not exempt, larger cities tend to have higher instances due to increased cases fitting the above criteria.

Identification, Life Cycle, and Effects on Humans

Bed bugs are reddish-brown, oval, flattened, wingless, blood-feeding insects that are just under one-quarter inch long (Figure 1). Females may live for a year, depositing up to 400 eggs in their lifetimes. This may lead to heavy infestations over short periods of time. Severe infestations can cause anemia in children and the elderly and lead to sleeplessness and stress in the home. Bed bugs have not been found to vector human diseases, yet they are still medically important becaue many people suffer from unpleasant allergic reactions to the saliva injected with the bite, typically appearing as red circular welts (Figure 2). Once the mouthparts are completely inserted, bed bugs can't get away quickly if disturbed. However, they can move early in the feeding sequence and are quick to move a short distance if disturbed. A very small percentage of people (less than 20%) do not exhibit bite reactions and are not aware of having been bitten.

After feeding, bed bugs move away and lie inactive for several days before depositing a cluster of white eggs. Females seek another opportunity to feed after deposition of eggs, a cycle repeated throughout their lifetime. Because bed bugs hide during the day the first sign of an infestation may be streaks of blood or fecal spots on bedding. Also inspect all crevices and gaps within bedrooms for insects, cast skins, and eggs. High populations have been noted to smell like raspberries.

Look-alike Species

Similar-looking species of "bat bugs" and "bird bugs" in the same insect family (Cimicidae) can also bite humans. In our region these include the western bat bug, Cimex pilosellus, and the swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius. Magnification is required to distinguish these look-alikes from bed bugs. When viewed on its back, the left side of an adult female bed bug has a narrow, pointed notch ("paragenital sinus") on the fourth visible abdominal segment (Figure 3). The female bat bug (no image) also has a notch, but it has a rounded margin. Differences in the shape and thickness of the hairs fringing the body segments can also help separate bed bugs from both bat bugs and swallow bugs. Bed bugs of both sexes have short body hairs that curve backward slightly, while the look-alikes have long, slender hairs that stand straight out (Figure 4).

The distinction is an important one because control efforts differ. Unlike bed bugs, bat bugs and bird bugs occur solely in the vicinity of nesting birds or roosting bats. Mitigation requires locating and removing bird nests under eaves of houses and sheds and screen roosing bats out of attic spaces and wall voids. Bird nesting boxes should never be attached to exterior walls of houses. These look-alike species will eventually disappear once host nesting activities are disrupted, although attacks on humans can occur as the insects disperse. Neither bat bugs nor any of their close relatives have been shown to transmit human diseases.

Bed Bug Control

Getting rid of bed bugs requires a multi-faceted approach that includes prevention, removal of access points and hiding places, and thorough cleaning. With these measures in place, pesticides are not always warranted. However, if pesticides are to be used, then careful selection of properly labeled products is a must. Concerned homeowners trying to protect their children from bed bugs may inadvertently place their children or themselves at risk. Homeowners should NEVER apply pesticides which are not specifically labeled for bed bugs in the home. The illegal use of some organophosphate, pyrethroid or carbamate pesticides may cause allergies, asthmas, immune system hyper-sensitivity, nausea, convulsions, or death.

Prevention

Be wary of bringing infested items into your home. Bed bugs are now quite common in many areas of the United States and in some foreign countries, and they do infest luggage. Inspect all clothing and baggage for fecal spots prior to unpacking. At home, seal all crevices that may provide shelter for bed bugs. Caulk will work around windows and baseboards. Tighten up any loose eletrical outlets, and repair loose or torn wall paper. Outlet cover plates with hinged or sliding socket covers are now available.

Cleaning

Sanitation includes daily vacuuming of all potentially infested rooms. Mattresses can be vacuumed with a brush attachment to help scrape eggs off the fabric. Vacuum bags should be sealed in plastic before disposal. Infested mattresses can be enclosed in bed bug-proof encasements and left in place for at least one year to ensure that the insects starve and die out. Hot or cold temperature extremes can be lethal to bed bugs. Sheets, blankets, and clothing should be laundered in hot water (ideally over 140^oF) and can also be placed in a hot dryer for 20 minutes to kill bed bugs. Steam cleaning at a high temperature is also effective. Uninterrupted exposure to temperatures below 23^oF for five days will also kill bed bugs.

Removing Access Points and Hiding Places

Bed bugs cannot fly so they must access beds by crawling. They often access beds directly from walls, curtains or from overhanging bedspreads which contact the floor. Beds should be carefully examined to remove these access points. Double-sided tape can also be wrapped around the legs of the bed to limit access.

Pesticides

Bed bugs should be managed using an integrated management approach. Bed bugs are difficult to manage using only pesticides. Homeowners are urged to contact commercial pesticide applicators rather than attempting to manage bed bugs using pesticides on their own. These insects live in small cracks, mattresses or box springs which may be difficult to access without a thorough inspection of the area and use of proper pesticide formulations. These pesticides are typically applied as spot treatments to crevices where bugs are hiding. Room foggers and pest strips are less desirable because applications are not as well targeted as spot treatments. Never used pesticide products intended for outdoor or agricultural use in the home!

Very few pesticides are labeled for use on mattresses, and pesticides should not be used on linens. Linens may be washed in hot water with heavy detergent. Treated mattresses or box springs should be placed inside bed bug-proof encasements after application to prevent bed bugs from escaping and also keep other bed bugs from re-infesting.

There are several classes of chemicals used against bed bugs including neurotoxins, natural abrasives, insect growth regulators, and biochemicals among others. For additional recommendations see the EPA pesticide recommendation database for bed bugs

Reapplication of pesticides is often necessary after 7 to 14 days (depending on product formulation).

Care should be taken to remove occupants until well after the restricted entry interval (REI) has passed. Pesticides should never be used in rooms which are occupied by infants, the sick or the elderly. Prior to application:

• Check to ensure the product is labeled for bed bugs
• Ensure you're using the pesticide in a manner listed on the pesticide product label. Many pesticides simply won't reach bed bugs hiding in cracks and crevices within the room.
• Ensure the product is labeled for use inside the home.

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